（摘要）新加坡一项大型研究表明，吃红肉可以增加肾功能衰竭风险。“红肉”主要是指猪肉，它与终末期肾脏疾病，丧失正常肾功能的风险存在强烈的"剂量依赖"关系。消费越多，风险越高。
      研究结果表明慢性肾脏病患者或肾脏健康的普通人群有担心者，可以考虑改为植物蛋白为主。
      研究者建议，最好用鱼及贝类代替红肉，食用红肉蛋白质应当有一个健康合理的量。
      世界健康组织于去年警告红肉与癌症之间的可能存在联系。
      然而，研究者说"在一般人群中，还没有说服力的证据表明吃大量的蛋白质能导致肾损害，"
      研究没有发现与家禽、 鱼、 鸡蛋或乳制品有关联性，然而豆类似乎略有保护作用。
      这项研究总随访了超过63,000名在新加坡平均15.5年的华人。
      研究由美国国立卫生研究院资助，发表于 7 月 14 日美国肾脏学会学报。
THURSDAY, July 14, 2016 -- Eating red meat may boost the risk for kidney failure, but swapping even one daily serving of red meat for another protein may reduce the risk, a large study from Singapore suggests.
Red meat intake -- in this case, mostly pork -- was strongly associated with an increased risk of end-stage renal disease, the loss of normal kidney function. The relationship was also "dose dependent" -- meaning the higher the consumption, the greater the risk.
The association held up even after compensating for factors that could skew the results, such as lifestyle and other health conditions, the study authors noted.
"Our findings suggest that patients with chronic kidney disease or the general population worried about their kidney health can still maintain protein intake but consider switching to plant-based sources," said Dr. Woon-Puay Koh, professor in the Office of Clinical Sciences at Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School in Singapore.
"However, if they still choose to eat meat, fish/shellfish and poultry are better alternatives to red meat," said Koh, one of the study's authors.
The study adds new data to a conflicting body of evidence on the relationship between protein intake, particularly red meat, and kidney disease, experts noted.
"It adds useful and additional information to our knowledge base, but I'm not sure if it necessarily tips the scale one way or another," said Dr. Allon Friedman, a nephrologist and associate professor of medicine at Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis.
"My opinion is that it's still perfectly fine for individuals who are otherwise healthy to consume red meat in moderation," he said.
Dr. William Mitch, professor of nephrology at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, said plenty of studies have shown that low-protein diets may benefit people who already have kidney damage.
However, "in the general population, there's no persuasive evidence that eating a lot of protein causes kidney damage," he said.
About 20 million Americans have chronic kidney disease, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Between 2000 and 2008, the number of new cases among people 65 and older more than doubled, says the U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Di